Richmond, VA, USA
| # | Name | Pool Strength | DE Strength | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | Change | Before | After | Change | ||
| 1 | BIDA Sergey | 3819 | 3816 | 4 | 3697 | 4066 | 369 |
| 2 | IMREK Samuel A. | 3349 | 3367 | 18 | 3983 | 4019 | 37 |
| 3 | RAMIREZ Yeisser | 3448 | 3437 | 11 | 4171 | 4189 | 19 |
| 3 | LOMBARDO Theodore (Teddy) | 3366 | 3322 | 44 | 3756 | 3842 | 86 |
| 5 | HANSEN Jonas B. | 3474 | 3506 | 33 | 4169 | 4168 | 1 |
| 6 | YOO Justin | 3508 | 3515 | 7 | 4147 | 4145 | 2 |
| 7 | FEINBERG Gabriel M. | 3318 | 3287 | 31 | 3804 | 3824 | 21 |
| 8 | KNYSH Oleg | 3339 | 3335 | 4 | 3952 | 3984 | 32 |
| 9 | SCHUMACHER Cooper J. | 3414 | 3408 | 5 | 4029 | 4026 | 3 |
| 10 | LIVERANT Skyler J. | 3239 | 3251 | 12 | 3828 | 3839 | 11 |
| 11 | LEE Daniel Y. | 3025 | 3033 | 8 | 3469 | 3483 | 15 |
| 12 | KANG Philip F. | 2962 | 2980 | 19 | 3292 | 3332 | 41 |
| 13 | SHELANSKI Isaac | 3263 | 3188 | 75 | 3591 | 3631 | 40 |
| 14 | SHAH S Ayush | 3140 | 3135 | 5 | 3439 | 3451 | 12 |
| 15 | HADDAD Justin R. | 3542 | 3497 | 46 | 3919 | 3924 | 5 |
| 16 | MARAKOV Allen B. | 3212 | 3189 | 23 | 3709 | 3724 | 15 |
| 17 | SZAPARY Tristan B. | 3494 | 3513 | 20 | 4139 | 4114 | 25 |
| 18 | CANDELA Nicholas | 3260 | 3297 | 37 | 3827 | 3823 | 4 |
| 19 | SIMMONS Ariel (Ari) J. | 3541 | 3545 | 5 | 3858 | 3854 | 4 |
| 20 | RODNEY Adam R. | 3537 | 3544 | 7 | 4151 | 4125 | 25 |
| 21 | EMARA Omar | 2838 | 2880 | 41 | 3330 | 3349 | 19 |
| 22 | SENNEWALD James J. | 2940 | 2981 | 41 | 3269 | 3277 | 9 |
| 23 | MOORE Shomari A. | 3183 | 3178 | 4 | 3696 | 3690 | 5 |
| 24 | LAWSON Nicholas W. | 3453 | 3436 | 17 | 4013 | 4009 | 4 |
| 25 | STRAUSS Luke | 2588 | 2668 | 80 | 2977 | 3000 | 23 |
| 26 | CIPRIANI Andrea | 3502 | 3438 | 64 | 3614 | 3657 | 44 |
| 27 | WEISS Miles J. | 3368 | 3366 | 3 | 3802 | 3810 | 8 |
| 28 | NORTH Gary S. | 3145 | 3127 | 18 | 3633 | 3648 | 16 |
| 29 | MOSES Alexander | 2995 | 2990 | 5 | 3541 | 3543 | 3 |
| 30 | SANDERS Ian W. | 3113 | 3104 | 9 | 3860 | 3863 | 3 |
| 31 | IYOKI Kent | 3097 | 3089 | 8 | 3688 | 3681 | 7 |
| 32 | LIN Kyran | 2752 | 2797 | 45 | 3041 | 3076 | 35 |
| 33 | JIN Owen | 2813 | 2907 | 94 | 3367 | 3365 | 2 |
| 34 | HENSAL Nicolas A. | 2778 | 2855 | 77 | 3127 | 3129 | 2 |
| 35 | LARSEN Samuel F. | 3271 | 3290 | 20 | 3965 | 3945 | 20 |
| 36 | LIU Alexander | 3199 | 3215 | 17 | 3620 | 3613 | 6 |
| 36 | LEE Shwan | 2933 | 3007 | 73 | 3147 | 3154 | 8 |
| 38 | MATVEEV Valentin S. | 3407 | 3398 | 9 | 3897 | 3878 | 19 |
| 39 | GIBSON Nowell L. | 2927 | 2942 | 15 | 3316 | 3317 | 1 |
| 39 | LATIF IMRAN ZAKARIYYA | 2900 | 2935 | 35 | 3163 | 3166 | 3 |
| 41 | CUMMINGS Atticus C. | 2840 | 2871 | 31 | 3305 | 3325 | 19 |
| 42 | SILVERS Noah E. | 3295 | 3285 | 10 | 3738 | 3733 | 5 |
| 43 | LANGE Henry C. | 3339 | 3346 | 7 | 3970 | 3946 | 24 |
| 44 | EWART Jr. Stephen P. | 3554 | 3535 | 19 | 4092 | 4071 | 21 |
| 45 | KUMASHI Mihir R. | 3266 | 3270 | 4 | 3887 | 3869 | 18 |
| 46 | KUSHNERIK Ethan | 3371 | 3365 | 6 | 3893 | 3873 | 20 |
| 46 | SU Caleb | 2686 | 2730 | 43 | 3186 | 3194 | 8 |
| 48 | LIOZNYANSKY Simon | 2821 | 2868 | 47 | 3137 | 3132 | 5 |
| 49 | MOOSEKIAN Stafford | 3065 | 3079 | 14 | 3574 | 3564 | 9 |
| 50 | ISAAC Mena | 2742 | 2967 | 225 | 2815 | 2979 | 164 |
| 51 | WHITE Sean | 3595 | 3555 | 40 | 3953 | 3937 | 16 |
| 52 | KIM Sullivan | 2564 | 2605 | 41 | 2700 | 2717 | 17 |
| 53 | FRAY Alexander | 3153 | 3130 | 23 | 3453 | 3449 | 4 |
| 53 | NORTH Alexander M. | 2708 | 2732 | 24 | 2758 | 2792 | 34 |
| 55 | DUNCAN Corwin | 3340 | 3265 | 75 | 3779 | 3778 | 1 |
| 56 | KAULL James T. | 3472 | 3433 | 40 | 3879 | 3840 | 39 |
| 57 | LO Jake | 2814 | 2872 | 58 | 3032 | 3051 | 20 |
| 58 | WIMMER Nathaniel P. | 2968 | 2987 | 19 | 3314 | 3314 | 0 |
| 59 | LAWSON Henry A. | 3291 | 3267 | 24 | 3953 | 3946 | 7 |
| 60 | YOUNG Peyton E. | 2913 | 2918 | 5 | 3234 | 3244 | 10 |
| 61 | ZHANG Joshua | 3170 | 3176 | 6 | 3691 | 3698 | 7 |
| 62 | MACARTY Jordan T. | 2626 | 2658 | 32 | 3016 | 3025 | 10 |
| 63 | MELCHER Jack H. | 3001 | 2993 | 8 | 3203 | 3234 | 31 |
| 64 | NOLLNER Dylan | 3343 | 3303 | 40 | 3967 | 3945 | 22 |
| 65 | YAVOROVSKIY Joshua I. | 2681 | 2729 | 48 | 2994 | 3002 | 8 |
| 66 | BEZRODNOV Alexander | 3081 | 3086 | 6 | 3478 | 3475 | 3 |
| 67 | YERGLER Jonathan A. | 3283 | 3270 | 13 | 3661 | 3598 | 63 |
| 68 | SINGHA Orion | 2766 | 2790 | 24 | 3310 | 3305 | 5 |
| 69 | GORNOVSKY David J. | 3356 | 3297 | 59 | 3591 | 3577 | 15 |
| 69 | FU Leon | 2502 | 2598 | 97 | 2741 | 2742 | 1 |
| 71 | IARIKOV Nicholas | 2531 | 2544 | 13 | 2868 | 2886 | 18 |
| 72 | IMREK Elijah S. | 2729 | 2762 | 33 | 3014 | 3017 | 2 |
| 73 | GOHEL Dayus T. | 2906 | 2940 | 34 | 3348 | 3346 | 2 |
| 75 | RHYU Kozmo | 2859 | 2855 | 3 | 3294 | 3282 | 11 |
| 76 | TRAGER Matthew G. | 3174 | 3143 | 31 | - | - | - |
| 77 | LEE Samuel Y. | 2599 | 2644 | 45 | 2864 | 2873 | 9 |
| 78 | SIVAKUMAR Ajit | 2801 | 2808 | 7 | 3172 | 3182 | 10 |
| 79 | HRAPSKY Ryan J. | 2970 | 2940 | 30 | 3403 | 3412 | 9 |
| 79 | TREBON Hayden | 2734 | 2735 | 1 | 2921 | 2936 | 16 |
| 81 | MILLER Jeffrey E. | 3053 | 3027 | 26 | - | - | - |
| 82 | JEYOON Ryan S. | 2917 | 2897 | 20 | 3341 | 3351 | 10 |
| 83 | LAVENSTEIN Kinley V. | 2688 | 2663 | 25 | 3121 | 3146 | 26 |
| 84 | KHAYAT Ziad N. | 3205 | 3132 | 72 | 3843 | 3845 | 3 |
| 85 | TOWNSEND Avery S. | 3086 | 3035 | 51 | 3727 | 3728 | 0 |
| 86 | CLICK Aiden | 3015 | 2974 | 41 | 3466 | 3470 | 3 |
| 87 | VAYSBUKH Konstantin | 3003 | 2958 | 45 | - | - | - |
| 88 | KHANNA Nikhil | 2500 | 2490 | 9 | 2797 | 2804 | 8 |
| 89 | LI Jesse | 2882 | 2856 | 26 | 3162 | 3174 | 11 |
| 90 | MADSEN Jr Eric W. | 2604 | 2622 | 18 | 2587 | 2626 | 39 |
| 90 | MAO Benjamin | 2568 | 2561 | 7 | 2659 | 2680 | 21 |
| 92 | KIM Dylan J. | 2718 | 2701 | 17 | 2983 | 2991 | 7 |
| 93 | CHONG christopher | 3073 | 3035 | 38 | - | - | - |
| 94 | SENNEWALD Frederick A. | 2739 | 2719 | 21 | 3064 | 3066 | 3 |
| 95 | MA Victor | 2523 | 2530 | 6 | 2822 | 2838 | 15 |
| 96 | MANDOKI Sandor I. | 2917 | 2872 | 45 | 3442 | 3445 | 3 |
| 97 | TIKHOMIROV Theodore | 2346 | 2345 | 1 | 2523 | 2546 | 23 |
| 98 | GANA Jr Jorge M. | 2993 | 3028 | 35 | 3282 | 3264 | 18 |
| 99 | DESTEFANO Julius | 2566 | 2593 | 27 | 2911 | 2904 | 7 |
| 100 | GORIUNOV IVAN A. | 2993 | 3006 | 13 | 3512 | 3499 | 13 |
| 101 | MURPHY Thomas P. | 2747 | 2790 | 43 | 3127 | 3124 | 3 |
| 101 | PARK Frederick | 2590 | 2633 | 43 | 2576 | 2566 | 10 |
| 103 | LONCAR Luka E. | 2939 | 2957 | 18 | 3380 | 3363 | 18 |
| 104 | TIEN Jabin | 2263 | 2321 | 59 | 2412 | 2404 | 8 |
| 105 | FULLER George K. | 2735 | 2758 | 23 | 2936 | 2930 | 6 |
| 106 | WU Joseph | 2969 | 2978 | 8 | 3383 | 3376 | 7 |
| 107 | BEDOR William J. | 2995 | 3003 | 9 | 3419 | 3374 | 44 |
| 108 | LEE Stewart S. | 2690 | 2712 | 22 | 3111 | 3104 | 7 |
| 109 | GLENNON Sebastian J. | 2283 | 2331 | 48 | 2631 | 2622 | 8 |
| 110 | GAO Daniel | 2664 | 2681 | 17 | 3329 | 3313 | 16 |
| 111 | YAO Geoffrey B. | 2678 | 2686 | 8 | 2954 | 2940 | 14 |
| 112 | ZHANG ethan | 2232 | 2278 | 46 | 2285 | 2283 | 3 |
| 113 | KIM Byung | 2788 | 2799 | 11 | 2933 | 2926 | 7 |
| 114 | BOYCE Samuel H. | 2858 | 2854 | 3 | 3307 | 3277 | 30 |
| 115 | BHATNAGAR Ayan | 2682 | 2701 | 19 | 2968 | 2965 | 3 |
| 116 | LAM Alan | 2216 | 2267 | 51 | 2474 | 2472 | 2 |
| 117 | O'DONNELL Benjamin | 2573 | 2582 | 9 | 2676 | 2675 | 2 |
| 117 | KROPP Jack | 2658 | 2677 | 19 | 3145 | 3133 | 12 |
| 119 | JAYENDRA Chandrashekar | 2709 | 2715 | 6 | 3206 | 3193 | 13 |
| 120 | TAMULONIS Fen C. | 2422 | 2451 | 29 | 2714 | 2706 | 8 |
| 121 | WELDON Benjamin | 2619 | 2648 | 29 | 2736 | 2732 | 3 |
| 122 | KIM Benjamin I. | 2770 | 2773 | 3 | 3171 | 3161 | 10 |
| 123 | NIKOLOV Peter | 2630 | 2642 | 12 | 2611 | 2605 | 5 |
| 123 | FISHMAN Rahm | 2264 | 2300 | 36 | 2490 | 2487 | 2 |
| 125 | BEZRODNOV Michael | 2892 | 2884 | 7 | 3257 | 3246 | 11 |
| 126 | MCDANIELS Jeremy | 2802 | 2802 | 0 | 3077 | 3063 | 14 |
| 127 | CAO Brad | 2340 | 2373 | 34 | 2603 | 2600 | 3 |
| 128 | WICAS Graham E. | 3209 | 2828 | 381 | 3557 | 3262 | 295 |
| 129 | KUMAR Anitya | 2808 | 2799 | 9 | 3278 | 3271 | 7 |
| 130 | WOLFE Alex | 2614 | 2607 | 7 | 2880 | 2873 | 7 |
| 131 | CAI Brian | 2646 | 2649 | 3 | 3006 | 2998 | 8 |
| 132 | TOLKACHEV Igor | 2850 | 2734 | 116 | 2863 | 2741 | 122 |
| 133 | HEIM Bryce | 2574 | 2584 | 10 | 2867 | 2865 | 3 |
| 134 | GASPAROVICH IV George M. | 2873 | 2860 | 12 | 3011 | 2989 | 22 |
| 135 | MUGA Aiden | 2162 | 2180 | 18 | 2297 | 2297 | 0 |
| 136 | TABLEMAN Doug S. | 2792 | 2784 | 8 | 3224 | 3211 | 13 |
| 137 | WU Jonathan | 2706 | 2699 | 7 | 2969 | 2957 | 12 |
| 138 | GATZA Logan | 2749 | 2739 | 9 | 2945 | 2941 | 4 |
| 139 | CARRIER Gabriel A. | 2849 | 2830 | 19 | 3153 | 3143 | 10 |
| 140 | LOYOLA TORRIENTE Padick | 2885 | 2871 | 14 | - | - | - |
| 141 | HUTTO Joshua | 2628 | 2628 | 0 | 2792 | 2786 | 5 |
| 142 | HIGGINS Branford | 2660 | 2658 | 1 | 2919 | 2917 | 2 |
| 143 | JIANG ryan | 2228 | 2254 | 26 | 2229 | 2250 | 21 |
| 144 | JIN Nicholas | 2731 | 2711 | 20 | 3259 | 3259 | 1 |
| 144 | CAO Albert | 2558 | 2562 | 5 | 2689 | 2696 | 7 |
| 146 | ZHENG Haoran | 2760 | 2755 | 5 | 3106 | 3107 | 2 |
| 147 | KIM Nathan | 2632 | 2632 | 0 | 2838 | 2842 | 4 |
| 148 | NGUYEN Tate | 2699 | 2692 | 7 | 2923 | 2927 | 4 |
| 149 | PRIHODKO Max | 2584 | 2588 | 5 | 2840 | 2841 | 2 |
| 150 | PAK Elliot | 2286 | 2304 | 18 | 2562 | 2571 | 9 |
| 151 | TOUSSAINT Semaj | 2114 | 2171 | 58 | 2521 | 2538 | 17 |
| 152 | MCCOWN Ronan | 2332 | 2359 | 27 | 2438 | 2468 | 30 |
| 153 | LEE JoonWon | 2393 | 2400 | 7 | 2522 | 2531 | 10 |
| 154 | BRISLAWN Reilly R. | 2855 | 2833 | 21 | 3236 | 3225 | 11 |
| 155 | GAO Chaney C. | 2591 | 2586 | 6 | 2929 | 2944 | 15 |
| 156 | ZHAO Corey | 2736 | 2721 | 14 | 2909 | 2921 | 12 |
| 157 | BERNARD Jack B. | 2184 | 2202 | 18 | 2235 | 2247 | 13 |
| 158 | CHIEN Zachary M. | 2493 | 2486 | 7 | 2726 | 2739 | 13 |
| 158 | CARPENTER Liam | 2913 | 2869 | 44 | 3317 | 3311 | 6 |
| 160 | TIKHONOV Iliya | 2407 | 2399 | 8 | 2770 | 2773 | 3 |
| 161 | MUNLIN Donovan | 2896 | 2863 | 34 | 3420 | 3418 | 2 |
| 162 | SINGH Ravin | 2124 | 2165 | 41 | 2285 | 2282 | 4 |
| 163 | LEE Noah | 2677 | 2682 | 5 | 2986 | 2982 | 5 |
| 164 | SHIV Rishi | 2713 | 2701 | 12 | 3032 | 3025 | 7 |
| 164 | CHEN Zhengyang (Allen) | 2262 | 2293 | 30 | 2552 | 2544 | 7 |
| 166 | SHA Michael | 2159 | 2198 | 40 | 2444 | 2438 | 6 |
| 167 | SMOAK Omari Z. | 3120 | 3081 | 40 | 3611 | 3573 | 38 |
| 168 | GUINAN Joseph | 3061 | 3025 | 36 | 3466 | 3438 | 29 |
| 168 | OSTIGUY Cameron | 2136 | 2163 | 27 | 2279 | 2264 | 15 |
| 170 | PARK Ian C. | 2937 | 2897 | 40 | 3418 | 3402 | 17 |
| 171 | HE Zhiheng | 2299 | 2338 | 39 | 2385 | 2382 | 3 |
| 172 | CHRISTENSEN Parker | 2346 | 2376 | 30 | 2610 | 2593 | 16 |
| 173 | KYPRAIOS Nicholas | 2311 | 2376 | 65 | 2715 | 2670 | 45 |
| 174 | SUVOROV Yuly | 2669 | 2665 | 4 | 3219 | 3198 | 21 |
| 175 | KNOX James | 2638 | 2629 | 9 | 2826 | 2811 | 14 |
| 176 | ZHANG Caden | 2497 | 2498 | 1 | 2618 | 2604 | 14 |
| 176 | LIOU Solomon | 2637 | 2635 | 2 | 2795 | 2777 | 18 |
| 178 | HILBERT Gabriel E. | 2569 | 2564 | 5 | 2700 | 2693 | 8 |
| 179 | SHEN Max | 2548 | 2547 | 0 | 2720 | 2709 | 11 |
| 180 | KIM Sterling S. | 2473 | 2474 | 0 | 2598 | 2592 | 7 |
| 181 | SPIER Julian H. | 2898 | 2862 | 36 | 3344 | 3330 | 14 |
| 182 | HEADRICK Lance | 2498 | 2484 | 14 | 2579 | 2570 | 9 |
| 183 | JOSEPH William | 2699 | 2680 | 19 | 2791 | 2770 | 21 |
| 184 | CHEN Wesley | 2575 | 2545 | 30 | 3085 | 3069 | 16 |
| 184 | KUMAR Aidan | 2563 | 2543 | 20 | 2669 | 2658 | 11 |
| 186 | SODERBERG Alex Z. | 2952 | 2906 | 46 | 3432 | 3424 | 9 |
| 187 | FLECKENSTEIN Benjamin T. | 2385 | 2379 | 6 | 2723 | 2715 | 8 |
| 188 | SMITH Justin C. | 2671 | 2654 | 17 | 2993 | 2987 | 6 |
| 188 | ERLIKHMAN Adrian | 2070 | 2092 | 22 | 2420 | 2416 | 4 |
| 190 | CARTER Austin L. | 2451 | 2450 | 1 | - | - | - |
| 191 | NEAL John P. | 2523 | 2520 | 3 | - | - | - |
| 191 | KUDRIAVTCEV Sergei | 2926 | 2874 | 52 | - | - | - |
| 193 | SPINA Joseph B. | 2383 | 2385 | 2 | - | - | - |
| 194 | ARAVIND Athreya | 2436 | 2424 | 12 | - | - | - |
| 195 | VILLALOBOSKOWALSKI Demetrious C. | 2329 | 2335 | 5 | - | - | - |
| 196 | DORASZELSKI Mark | 2177 | 2182 | 6 | - | - | - |
| 196 | RICHARD Owen | 2695 | 2677 | 19 | - | - | - |
| 198 | LUEDECKE Myles A. | 2366 | 2351 | 15 | - | - | - |
| 199 | LAI Boden | 2425 | 2415 | 10 | - | - | - |
| 200 | JORDAN Anton | 2491 | 2486 | 5 | - | - | - |
| 201 | SHCHUR Landon | 2475 | 2461 | 14 | - | - | - |
| 202 | SNYDER IV William B. | 3015 | 2912 | 104 | - | - | - |
| 203 | KATS Dylan G. | 2867 | 2821 | 46 | - | - | - |
| 204 | DAVOODIAN Christopher | 2637 | 2608 | 29 | - | - | - |
| 205 | PARK Nicholas | 2303 | 2297 | 6 | - | - | - |
| 206 | PRIHODKO Andrew | 2564 | 2506 | 58 | - | - | - |
| 207 | YU Hunter | 2320 | 2295 | 25 | - | - | - |
| 208 | SO Lorenzo | 2094 | 2088 | 6 | - | - | - |
| 209 | HU Robert J. | 2183 | 2173 | 10 | - | - | - |
| 209 | YANG Boyan | 2521 | 2498 | 23 | - | - | - |
| 211 | COHEN Jared E. | 2564 | 2546 | 18 | - | - | - |
| 212 | SINHA Zaan | 2149 | 2138 | 11 | - | - | - |
| 213 | CHOI San | 2013 | 2016 | 3 | - | - | - |
| 214 | ZOU Xianyang (Max) | 2121 | 2113 | 8 | - | - | - |
| 215 | SAKO Ayrton J. | 2174 | 2166 | 8 | - | - | - |
| 216 | LEE DoWon | 1766 | 1783 | 17 | - | - | - |
| 217 | LIM Timothy D. | 2539 | 2501 | 38 | - | - | - |
| 218 | FAN Beichen | 2282 | 2285 | 4 | - | - | - |
| 219 | ZHU Eric | 2163 | 2163 | 0 | - | - | - |
| 219 | WONG King-Yee | 1904 | 1913 | 9 | - | - | - |
| 221 | GIOVAGNOLI Nolan | 2297 | 2290 | 7 | - | - | - |
| 222 | TIRRELL Justin J. | 2526 | 2499 | 27 | - | - | - |
| 223 | AMOLSCH Dylan | 1954 | 1944 | 9 | - | - | - |
| 224 | CHRISTY Peter C. | 2317 | 2234 | 83 | - | - | - |
| 225 | DU SHUNYU K. | 2213 | 2187 | 25 | - | - | - |
| 226 | PAN Tristan | 2130 | 2117 | 13 | - | - | - |
| 227 | HONDOR Robert D. | 3076 | 2990 | 86 | - | - | - |
| 227 | LAI Aedin | 2478 | 2427 | 51 | - | - | - |
| 229 | MING Nathan | 2174 | 2157 | 17 | - | - | - |
| 230 | MILLER Lance W. | 2005 | 1984 | 21 | - | - | - |
| 230 | PARCELEWICZ John M. | 1992 | 1977 | 16 | - | - | - |
| 230 | REPIC Oliver | 1897 | 1874 | 23 | - | - | - |
| 233 | STEPHENS Corbin | 2245 | 2213 | 32 | - | - | - |
| 234 | LONGSTREET Jeffrey | 2355 | 2321 | 34 | - | - | - |
| 234 | EMMERT JP | 1975 | 1958 | 18 | - | - | - |
| 236 | SCHARF Ryan | 2358 | 2329 | 30 | - | - | - |
| 237 | BUI James H. | 2443 | 2332 | 111 | - | - | - |
If DE strength numbers aren't shown, this means that the person didn't fence in direct elimination.