The future of US Fencing is at stake!

For transparency, fairness, and athlete support, VOTE NOW for:
(1) Jason Liu and (2) Abdel Salem.

Take Action

Event Preview

Youth 14 Men’s Foil (Y14MF)

National Championships & July Challenge (Summer Nationals)Friday, July 7, 2023 at 8:00 AM

Back to tournament Register
Phoenix Convention Center · Phoenix, AZ
303 approved entrants 8 strength bands

Strength distribution

Finish Range Average Range
1 - 4 3514 3788 - 3314
5 - 8 3182 3237 - 3116
9 - 16 3075 3115 - 3040
17 - 32 2929 3039 - 2833
33 - 64 2704 2835 - 2592
65 - 128 2426 2583 - 2264
129 - 256 2017 2270 - 1700
257 - 303 1529 2256 - 792

Registrations
1 DeSeranno, Jeidus Renaissance Fencing Club A23 3788 3514.90
2 Yang, Luao Renaissance Fencing Club A23 3582 3313.94
3 Deshmukh, Arjun Austin Fencers Club B23 3374 3117.03
4 Sisinni, Riccardo Silicon Valley Fencing Center A23 3314 3060.37
5 TIYA, BIAYA Atlanta Fencers Club Foundation Inc. B23 3237 2975.00
6 Co, Dylan Massialas Foundation (M Team) B22 3200 2945.53
7 Senic, Lucas Renaissance Fencing Club B23 3173 2911.29
8 Tang, Owen Epic Fencing Club B23 3116 2864.27
9 Canlas, Nathan LA International Fencing B23 3115 2854.51
10 Lin, Michael Jovanovic Fencing A23 3112 2850.19
11 Li, Bradley Star Fencing Academy D23 3081 2829.71
12 Traugot, Owen Manhattan Fencing Center A23 3086 2827.51
13 Guerra, Gabriel Metro Tacoma Fencing Club B23 3080 2821.23
14 Li, Matthew AIC Fencing Club A23 3049 2793.25
15 Chen, Hanson Gutkovskiy Fencing Academy C23 3040 2783.36
16 Qian, Jason Epic Fencing Club B23 3040 2782.06
17 Lin, James Gutkovskiy Fencing Academy A23 3039 2781.30
18 Matsakh, Philip Fencers Club Inc. B23 3018 2766.36
19 Tan, Aidan Star Fencing Academy C23 3008 2756.62
20 Min, Eric Northwest Fencing Center B23 3005 2751.01
21 Cortright, Skipper Bay Area Fencing Club C23 2998 2746.26
22 Ling, Eddie Silicon Valley Fencing Center C23 2993 2736.68
23 Nguyen, Martin LA International Fencing C23 2955 2700.30
24 Liu, Ethan Renaissance Fencing Club B23 2945 2681.16
25 Rasmussen, Sage West Berkeley Fencing Club C23 2935 2679.51
26 Wu, Alber Silicon Valley Fencing Center C23 2897 2646.79
27 Zhang, Aaron LA International Fencing C23 2867 2613.33
28 Chen, Matthew Elite Fencing Club U 2859 2608.69
29 Guth, Joseph Cleveland Fencing Academy East LLC C23 2849 2590.98
30 Fukuda, Diego Massialas Foundation (M Team) C22 2833 2581.62
31 Nicoletti, Luca Silicon Valley Fencing Center C23 2835 2579.52
32 Lee, Brendan Tim Morehouse Fencing Club (Port Chester) C23 2834 2577.92
33 Wong, Garrick Birmingham Fencing Club B23 2835 2576.57
34 Cheng, Ethan Star Fencing Academy C23 2821 2571.75
35 Choi, Ethan Golubitsky Fencing Center D22 2803 2549.85
36 Tang, Alexander OnTarget Fencing Club D23 2800 2546.46
37 Liu, Derek Star Fencing Academy C23 2790 2541.10
38 Doell, Ethan Fencing Sports Academy, Inc. E23 2790 2533.26
39 Lee, Christopher Metro Tacoma Fencing Club B23 2780 2524.48
40 sheng, Dalton AIC Fencing Club C22 2779 2521.68
41 Dinsay, Kristjan Elite Fencing Club C23 2774 2512.35
42 Ghedini, Luca Way Of The Sword.Org D23 2745 2489.11
43 Rozalski, Eli Salle Auriol Seattle C23 2732 2475.50
44 Parrish, Evan AIC Fencing Club D23 2716 2464.48
45 Lozano, Veyron Jericho LA International Fencing U 2722 2458.28
46 Yi, William LA International Fencing D23 2707 2457.62
47 Derrick, Blake Silicon Valley Fencing Center C23 2701 2450.18
48 Mazaheri, Fletcher Bluegrass Fencers' Club U 2703 2447.13
49 Lee, Jonah Tim Morehouse Fencing Club (Port Chester) B23 2700 2446.98
50 Lo, Preston Massialas Foundation (M Team) C23 2683 2429.38
51 Song, Noel Gutkovskiy Fencing Academy B22 2677 2426.46
52 Wandji, Noah Rain City Fencing Center U 2674 2418.33
53 Chuang, Oscar Fencing Center Of Chicago D23 2674 2416.21
54 Tang, Albert OnTarget Fencing Club C23 2657 2405.33
55 Akyamac, Bora Manchen Academy Of Fencing C23 2658 2404.54
56 Xu, Andy Fencers Club Inc. D23 2652 2402.29
57 Simonov, Timofey Gutkovskiy Fencing Academy E23 2656 2401.62
58 Kim, Daniel Prime Fencing Academy D23 2634 2385.26
59 Shapiro, Leon Tim Morehouse Fencing Club (Port Chester) D23 2630 2372.94
60 Gulchin, Mark (Yerma) South Brooklyn Fencing C23 2626 2372.44
61 Li, Aaron Marx Fencing Academy D23 2612 2361.05
62 Yao, Bradley AIC Fencing Club C22 2609 2357.73
63 Wu, Alistair Rain City Fencing Center C22 2600 2350.06
64 Cheng, Logan Star Fencing Academy E23 2592 2336.58
65 Raj, Jay Space City Fencing Academy C22 2583 2329.09
66 Martin, Darius Brooklyn Fencing Center E23 2568 2314.21
67 Suarez, Adrian Masters Fencing Club B23 2571 2313.93
68 Elkousy, Zain al Din Space City Fencing Academy E23 2575 2313.16
69 Chang, Jonathan Silicon Valley Fencing Center D23 2560 2308.01
70 Kim, Brian Space City Fencing Academy C23 2555 2306.91
71 Huang, Eythan AIC Fencing Club C23 2555 2304.55
72 Griffith McAllister, Thomas Fencing Sports Academy, Inc. D23 2550 2297.93
73 Zheng, Marcus Renaissance Fencing Club E23 2535 2279.85
74 Park, Rion Massialas Foundation (M Team) D23 2535 2277.42
75 Chen, Ethan Tim Morehouse Fencing Club (Port Chester) E23 2520 2268.88
76 Le, Jacob Golubitsky Fencing Center E23 2515 2261.97
77 Zhang, Jacob Precision Athletics Fencing Club E23 2516 2260.50
78 Palma, Nathan Anthony Columbus Fencing And Fitness LLC C23 2505 2252.47
79 Kapoor, Aayan Fencing Academy Of Westchester D23 2504 2246.46
80 Howland, Jonas Youth Enrichment League Fencing Club E22 2498 2240.97
81 Wong, Jackson Tim Morehouse Fencing Club (Port Chester) E21 2495 2236.82
82 Lu, Kevin Rain City Fencing Center C23 2489 2233.88
83 Allen, Henry Columbus Fencing And Fitness LLC B23 2485 2229.68
84 Pons, Diego SoCAL Fencing Center D23 2491 2229.64
85 Lorenzo, Alejandro Masters Fencing Club B22 2489 2224.41
86 Zhong, Maxwell Silicon Valley Fencing Center U 2468 2214.49
87 Li, Samuel Rain City Fencing Center C23 2471 2214.47
88 Vaden, Oliver Fencing Sports Academy, Inc. D23 2463 2205.53
89 Bieler, Mason Elite Fencing Club U 2457 2204.65
90 Morrow, Brenden Silicon Valley Fencing Center C23 2455 2204.39
91 Fedeli, Francesco Epic Fencing Club C22 2448 2190.54
92 Kettelle, John Massialas Foundation (M Team) C23 2454 2188.61
93 Talasila, Arush Rain City Fencing Center C23 2442 2185.53
94 Rodriguez, Tyler Massialas Foundation (M Team) E23 2433 2177.58
95 Shao, Eric Star Fencing Academy C23 2421 2166.55
96 Zhao, Adam Birmingham Fencing Club D23 2414 2160.97
97 Edwards, Maxon Renaissance Fencing Club C23 2420 2160.95
98 Qiu, Zhaocheng The Fencing Center E23 2425 2158.57
99 Tang, August OnTarget Fencing Club C23 2406 2152.68
100 Guo, Justin 5T Fencers Club B23 2404 2151.39
101 Zhao, Nathan Bluegrass Fencers' Club E22 2405 2147.24
102 Feng, Michael Star Fencing Academy D23 2395 2142.81
103 Li, Richard Silicon Valley Fencing Center E23 2388 2135.74
104 Ko, Caleb 5T Fencers Club U 2386 2130.93
105 Stringer, David Renaissance Fencing Club C23 2383 2128.70
106 Mao, Lucas AIC Fencing Club C23 2377 2127.97
107 Neice, William Northwest Fencing Center E23 2373 2114.62
108 Shin, Noah OnTarget Fencing Club U 2368 2112.21
109 Liu, William Golden State Fencing Academy D23 2363 2111.53
110 Park, Steve (Sangmin) Golubitsky Fencing Center U 2360 2104.84
111 Zeng, Rick 5T Fencers Club D23 2358 2104.50
112 Zhen, Ethan Gold Fencing Club C23 2357 2104.13
113 Lu, Alex Plymouth/Ann Arbor Fencing Academy U 2358 2101.20
114 Wang, Rory Gold Fencing Club E23 2350 2095.46
115 Choi, Benjamin Austin Fencers Club E23 2342 2092.76
116 Hou, Gaven Star Fencing Academy U 2350 2092.33
117 DeSeranno, Leander Renaissance Fencing Club U 2344 2085.62
118 park, Ryan Elite International Fencers Club C23 2353 2073.38
119 Xu, Ethan Marx Fencing Academy C23 2323 2071.48
120 Wong, Evan Prime Fencing Academy E23 2310 2057.42
121 Zhou, Ryan Silicon Valley Fencing Center E23 2304 2049.32
122 Hua, Aaron AIC Fencing Club E23 2300 2046.95
123 Wu, Lucas Bay Area Fencing Club D22 2295 2042.01
124 Tan, Xinlai Twin Cities Fencing Club U 2300 2033.60
125 Moe, Annan Orlando Fencing Academy D23 2289 2027.34
126 Clark, Benjamin Space City Fencing Academy U 2283 2026.15
127 Semp, Iain Richmond Fencing Club C23 2315 2020.71
128 Parker, Isaiah Salle De Long Fencers E23 2264 2005.73
129 Yu, William AIC Fencing Club U 2253 2000.93
130 Fang, Haoyu Renaissance Fencing Club U 2254 2000.37
131 VanOyen, Dominick Plymouth/Ann Arbor Fencing Academy D23 2254 1997.54
132 Black, Zachary Fencing Academy Of Philadelphia E23 2256 1997.12
133 Twemlow, Sacha Olympic Fencers Club E22 2270 1996.34
134 Gordon, William Bay Area Fencing Club E23 2237 1984.34
135 Park, William Massialas Foundation (M Team) U 2232 1979.68
136 Ariza, Abraham Masters Fencing Club C22 2256 1976.77
137 Arce, Andrew Gutkovskiy Fencing Academy D23 2230 1973.76
138 Choi, Ethan Elite International Fencers Club E23 2219 1967.43
139 Tang, Terry Star Fencing Academy E22 2219 1967.08
140 Hollis, Sean Fencing Academy Of Philadelphia D23 2222 1967.01
141 Fukuda, Brando Massialas Foundation (M Team) U 2219 1966.39
142 Lee, Jayden South Denver Fencing Academy C23 2236 1964.32
143 LIU, Yinhong RedStar Fencing Club Chicago U 2220 1963.80
144 Aravindaksha, Ayaan Renaissance Fencing Club E23 2237 1958.92
145 Jiang, Bowang AIC Fencing Club C23 2223 1951.36
146 Nofziger, Bennett South Denver Fencing Academy D23 2216 1950.56
147 Hickey, Connor Queen City Fencers Club LLC U 2195 1942.67
148 Grieb, Oliver Chesapeake Fencing Club D23 2219 1935.73
149 Weiss, Mateo Denver Fencing Center D23 2218 1935.68
150 Wong, Jacob Worldwide Fencing Academy D23 2185 1934.89
151 Wang, Brian Fencers Club Inc. D22 2194 1934.48
152 Srinivasan, Vedant Fencing Academy Of Philadelphia D23 2193 1934.14
153 Lee, Eugene Top Fencing Club D22 2188 1928.90
154 Lee, Charles T East Coast Fencing Club E22 2184 1925.62
155 Ong, Nicholas Elite International Fencers Club U 2176 1924.88
156 Yang, Charles Silicon Valley Fencing Center U 2174 1921.66
157 Mo, Ethan South Brooklyn Fencing U 2177 1920.08
158 Kuntsevich, Ivan Unattached E23 2182 1917.15
159 Borg, Matthew Team Touche Fencing Center U 2171 1915.84
160 Chang, Jeremy Golubitsky Fencing Center U 2161 1912.21
161 Yue, Jackson Silicon Valley Fencing Center U 2157 1904.10
162 HE, Kyle AIC Fencing Club D23 2186 1902.59
163 Lu, Nathan OnTarget Fencing Club E22 2176 1900.94
164 Suarez, David Masters Fencing Club E23 2150 1883.19
165 Xu, Nathan Star Fencing Academy U 2125 1874.92
166 Jacob, Ezra Massialas Foundation (M Team) U 2155 1874.07
167 Gerrish, William Tim Morehouse Fencing Club (Port Chester) D23 2132 1868.36
168 Bai, Austin Top Fencing Club U 2107 1854.98
169 Harroch, Faustin Rain City Fencing Center E22 2109 1853.04
170 Jurman, Therin Top Fencing Club D23 2106 1849.32
171 Bai, Brian Top Fencing Club E23 2103 1841.92
172 Tang, Royce 5T Fencers Club U 2091 1841.27
173 LaTorre, Leonardo Renaissance Fencing Club E23 2095 1840.50
174 Marisi, Gabriel Salle D'Armes Bosco U 2088 1833.59
175 Zaidi, Adil OnTarget Fencing Club E23 2089 1827.92
176 McKee, Calvin Fencing Institute Of Texas U 2082 1821.31
177 Bakshi, Aman Fairfield County Fencing Academy AKA Fairfield Fencing Academy E23 2074 1820.26
178 Abramkin, Tim Marx Fencing Academy U 2074 1819.92
179 Shannon, Jack Manchen Academy Of Fencing D23 2058 1803.84
180 Uypeckcuat, Maximillian Trajan Rain City Fencing Center U 2061 1801.85
181 Cho, Xzander Manhattan Fencing Center D23 2053 1799.77
182 Sah, Steven Silicon Valley Fencing Center D23 2084 1796.97
183 Zhao, Brian Moe Fencing Club LLC E23 2065 1796.10
184 Dai, Christopher Space City Fencing Academy U 2086 1795.35
185 Tulyag, Azim Fresno Fencing Club D22 2074 1786.79
186 Xie, Jicheng 5T Fencers Club U 2037 1781.86
187 Gonzalez, Oliver Masters Fencing Club E23 2122 1781.35
188 Koe, Beckett Fioretto Fencing Academy E23 2036 1781.04
189 Suresh, Rohan Star Fencing Academy D22 2040 1779.75
190 Toomre, Kai Tim Morehouse Fencing Club (Port Chester) U 2027 1776.51
191 Zhao, Ryan Mid-Island Fencing Academy U 2020 1767.40
192 Tsay, Jordan Maximum Fencing Club E23 2022 1766.22
193 Lindemann, Marc Mission Fencing Center E23 2069 1758.19
194 Tonkovich, Ryan Massialas Foundation (M Team) E23 2047 1748.36
195 Mandzy, Theodor Bluegrass Fencers' Club U 2071 1745.68
196 Dhokte, Neev Epic Fencing Club U 1991 1733.38
197 Yang, Dylan Marx Fencing Academy D23 2003 1733.32
198 Redondo, Tomas Orlando Fencing Academy E23 2019 1731.38
199 Deng, David Elite International Fencers Club U 1995 1730.53
200 Flynt, Hayden Salle De Long Fencers E23 1997 1718.62
201 Chan, Joseph Massialas Foundation (M Team) U 1962 1707.82
202 Nair, Sujit Rain City Fencing Center U 1981 1701.52
203 Zhou, Justin The Fencers Academy U 1987 1680.98
204 Tsoi, Spencer Precision Athletics Fencing Club E23 1948 1678.42
205 Massimino, Andrew Renaissance Fencing Club E22 1945 1670.47
206 Hong, Edwin Golubitsky Fencing Center U 1921 1670.39
207 Ge, Daniel Star Fencing Academy E23 1987 1666.27
208 Fraser, Rhys Bluegrass Fencers' Club U 1930 1654.37
209 Zappala, Nikolai Fencing Academy Of Philadelphia North E23 1936 1652.77
210 Li, Allen Mid-Island Fencing Academy U 1945 1650.91
211 Toyofuku, Ethan West Berkeley Fencing Club E23 1925 1647.22
212 McMillian, Harrison Heartland Fencing Academy U 1935 1646.55
213 Chang, Nathan Elite Fencing Club E23 1928 1641.75
214 Dunlap, Ezra Golden State Fencing Academy U 1964 1633.46
215 Nabassoua, Djibril Top Fencing Club U 1908 1631.94
216 Ling, Carson Jr LA International Fencing U 1911 1627.60
217 Zhuang, Chuanxuan Gold Fencing Club E22 1889 1626.41
218 Onik, Ari Gutkovskiy Fencing Academy U 1888 1624.55
219 Teh, Tang-Ngu Space City Fencing Academy U 1886 1624.21
220 Chen, Leetyan Space City Fencing Academy E23 1940 1610.87
221 Flanagan, Miles Beverly Hills Fencers' Club E22 1881 1606.88
222 Nishihira, Tyler Bay Area Fencing Club U 1861 1594.99
223 Sicat, Justin Manchen Academy Of Fencing U 1875 1593.76
224 Upender, West Maximum Fencing Club U 1874 1591.89
225 Foy, Grant Elite Fencing Club U 1825 1560.63
226 Petrov, Mikhail Maximum Fencing Club U 1830 1552.37
227 Kim, Jonah Piedmont Fencing Team E23 1831 1550.66
228 Agrawal, Niki Silicon Valley Fencing Center E22 1813 1536.90
229 Ripa, Joseph Rhode Island Fencing Academy And Club E23 1823 1536.70
230 Lehtinen, Axel The Fencing Center U 1820 1534.23
231 Lao, Kevin Moe Fencing Club LLC E23 1798 1533.20
232 Braizinha, Thomas Gutkovskiy Fencing Academy D23 1863 1529.63
233 Johnson, Soren Memphis University School Fencing Team E23 1868 1527.17
234 Stafford, Gareth Rhode Island Fencing Academy And Club U 1803 1526.98
235 Wong, Braxton Prime Fencing Academy U 1806 1520.42
236 Mavani, Krishna Renaissance Fencing Club E22 1789 1514.93
237 Shardonofsky, Keelan Phoenix Falcons Fencing Club E23 2145 1513.46
238 Halim, Seif Space City Fencing Academy U 1882 1512.28
239 Holcomb, Alexander Victoria Fencing Program U 1772 1504.40
240 Tam, Kyle Moe Fencing Club LLC E23 1755 1494.25
241 Ornelas, Matteo Elite Fencing Club U 1796 1492.59
242 Chen, Kelton Fencing Institute Of Texas E22 1824 1491.88
243 Tibbetts, Justin Rhode Island Fencing Academy And Club U 1780 1489.75
244 Shaw, Spencer Fencing Sports Academy, Inc. U 1735 1475.86
245 Gowda, Sumeru Northwest Fencing Center U 1794 1475.29
246 Yoon, Aiden Unattached U 2083 1474.02
247 Park, David Golubitsky Fencing Center U 1783 1464.27
248 Bhan, Amar Worldwide Fencing Academy U 1795 1462.44
249 Sfintescu, Alex Seacoast Fencing Club U 1754 1452.34
250 Maniktala, Suvir Silicon Valley Fencing Center U 1702 1440.56
251 Wang, Luke Star Fencing Academy U 1700 1438.20
252 Thiyagarajaa, Ari Memphis University School Fencing Team E22 1797 1435.78
253 Archibald, Ian Denver Fencing Center U 1781 1412.15
254 Sion, Andrew Brooklyn Bridge Fencing Club U 1754 1410.81
255 Baker, Ethan Golubitsky Fencing Center U 1823 1406.60
256 Davis, Benjamin Bronzeville Fencing Academy U 1703 1397.67
257 Harra, Alexander Tim Morehouse Fencing Club (Port Chester) E23 1780 1384.52
258 Harris, Hayden Fresno Fencing Club U 1850 1384.04
259 Liu, Josh South Denver Fencing Academy U 1785 1368.03
260 Ren, Ryan Star Fencing Academy U 1607 1352.25
261 Chun, Dashel Silicon Valley Fencing Center U 1649 1346.32
262 Reyes, Yannik Mission Fencing Center E23 1650 1335.14
263 Helmy, Richard Candlewood Fencing Center U 1720 1319.59
264 Gadiyaram, Madhav Orlando Fencing Academy U 1620 1303.54
265 Zhou, Alex Epic Fencing Club U 1588 1277.70
266 Zhang, Graham Massialas Foundation (M Team) U 1630 1274.43
267 Polepalli, Vinil Freehold Fencing Academy E23 1554 1263.68
268 Wenger, Liam Plymouth/Ann Arbor Fencing Academy U 1530 1248.83
269 Daniel, Nikith Fresno Fencing Club U 1554 1227.36
270 Choi, Elliot Northwest Fencing Center U 1538 1217.34
271 Gogoi, Kavi Renaissance Fencing Club U 1485 1189.24
272 Cheng, Austyn Mid-Island Fencing Academy E23 1527 1180.67
273 Sundstrom, Wren Brooklyn Bridge Fencing Club U 1447 1147.00
274 Tamiya, Masao Columbus Fencing And Fitness LLC U 1752 1146.45
275 Tseng, Lucas AIC Fencing Club U 1466 1140.52
276 Black, Henry Fencing Academy Of Philadelphia U 1460 1130.07
277 Morea, Anderson Brooklyn Bridge Fencing Club U 1562 1120.26
278 McConkey, Tristan Heartland Fencing Academy U 1454 1112.01
279 He, Bourne Silicon Valley Fencing Center U 1408 1087.48
280 Liang, Ethan Bay Area Fencing Club U 1434 1086.43
281 Bales, Gabriel Iowa City Fencing Center U 1440 1085.96
282 Little, Alex Wasatch Fencing U 1629 1077.82
283 Zhang, Hanson Bronzeville Fencing Academy U 1371 1075.36
284 Modadugu, Aryan Bluegrass Fencers' Club U 1547 1065.02
285 Dulai, Angad Fresno Fencing Club U 1451 1044.69
286 Rodriguez, Alejandro Salle De Long Fencers U 1460 1040.19
287 Weiss, Quintin Youth Enrichment League Fencing Club U 1491 1039.73
288 Zhou, Austin South Denver Fencing Academy E23 1529 1010.89
289 Sandeep, Varun Austin Fencers Club U 1656 1009.20
290 Vavilov, Benjamin Wisconsin Fencing Academy U 2256 1004.60
291 Alvarez, Sebastian Salle De Long Fencers U 1322 983.69
292 Kimura, Ryo Orlando Fencing Academy U 1400 978.11
293 Thomson, Hyrum Wasatch Fencing D23 1903 931.69
294 Williams, Colton Salle D'Escrime Of Prescott E23 1732 915.21
295 Carty JR, Johndale South Florida Fencing Club U 1579 838.09
296 Young, Jack Iowa City Fencing Center U 1205 790.98
297 White, Orlando Unattached U 1990 674.15
298 Ali, Adam Space City Fencing Academy U 1159 666.26
299 Fernandez, Rumi Austin Fencers Club U 1119 569.87
300 Mendez, Ren Brooklyn Bridge Fencing Club U 1119 500.38
301 Aguilar, Eric Naples Fencing Academy U 1301 401.17
302 Lee, Michael Elite International Fencers Club U 1372 341.53
303 Dong, Joshua Memphis University School Fencing Team U 792 < 0

Rank is based on the conservative estimate, `mu - 3*sigma`, rather than raw strength alone. Newer or less-certain fencers can still appear lower than someone with a similar average but tighter confidence.